Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs Essay Example for Free

Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs EssayManaging and developing intellectual capital in many of todays governings is congruous the greatest asset. Different firms of different sizes operating in different sectors ar seeking a way of performing this task effectively and efficiently. Among the different tools infra considerations, many consider Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) softw ar packages essential tools to effectively manage, retain and share knowledge among stakeholders at all echelons. ERP implementation causes changes to the receiving organization given its comprehensiveness and integrity.As a result challenges which results into additional risks and realization of new opportunities arise and proper action must be taken to foreclose or reinforce the challenge for better results. ERP outcome system is as an opportunity for contrast entities whether small or large to use software applications that are specifically designed to upgrade the various business f unctions and attain the best business practices (Markus and Tanis, 2000, Marnewick and Labuschagne, 2005).Effective implementation of ERP software applications ensures that the major functional parts of a business enterprise are linked together in a common amalgamated software system (Sandoe et al, 2001, Rao 2000). This process makes it possible for the business activities to be instigated more efficiently and cooperation among the workers becomes more effective through the interactive information system. The process of implementing ERP in Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs) is beset with extra challenges and opportunities due to their specialty.The SMBs shoot limited financial and human resources, limited experience in cipher forethought and sometimes limited managerial competencies which determines the agility of their operations. Problem Statement Implementing ERP, projects involve specialized application because they affect the receiving organization to different degrees. In implementing an ERP, solution divisions and departments within an organization have to be integrated into a single business platform, which affects the business model and the organization culture (Markus and Tanis, 2000).This makes the project risky and intricate. Due to global business factors, economic expansion and IT revolution ERP solutions are becoming a requirement for business success. SMBs being key players in the economic activity are not left out in this competition. However, the process and success stories of ERP solutions in SMBs is insufficiencying as past studies mainly focused on the large scale enterprises ERP solution process and application.In addition, the present trend of ERP solution project implementation by SMBs in the diverse business sectors and industries calls for the exploration of the opportunities and challenges of Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs to pave way for the identification of ways of avoiding or minimizing losses in the implementati on process (Soh et al, 2000). SMBs organization structures and organizational cultures are not all well defined. This coupled with the rigidity of the organization structure and culture present in effect(p) challenges to the implementation of ERP projects in SMBs.Additionally ERP projects are more successful in easy to change and agile organizations. However, unlike in large companies, the senior management team of the SMBs is normally part of the daily business operations and lacks in-depth knowledge and skills necessary to have organized long-term plans for the business and even the adoption of ERP solution projects. Similarly low capital base and lack of properly trained personnel have remained a major setback in the running of the functions of SMBs. This business is compounded by lack of sufficient funds to sustain training and engage quality consultants in such trainings.According to Sandoe et al (2001) many SMBs lack dedicated IT staff able to perform the risk management fu nction exposing major business operations to unnecessary risks. Likewise, within internal functions of a SMB, organizational changes that would give room for adoption of technology are limited due to lack of unused resources. The impact of unsuccessful implementation of ERP solution to a SMB are said to be greater to the entire operations of the business enterprise while the success of wisely implemented ERP system will have a whole organizational positive impact (Rao 2000).

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Business Information Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Business Information EssayPepsiCo Inc. is an American multinational food and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with bets in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since augmented from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader lean of food and beverage brands, the largest of which include an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and a merger with Quaker Oats in 2001which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio. P5 DESCRIBE THE INFLUENCE OF TWO CONTRASTING frugal ENVIROMENTS ON BUSINESS ACTIVITIES WITHIN A SELECTED ORGANISATION.KENYAKenya officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, atomic number 16 Sudan to the n orth-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of a little over 43 million residents. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africas highest mountain peaks. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi.INDIAIndia, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most thickly take rootd country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the westd China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives in addition, Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. scotch factors affecting PepsiCoUnemploymentKenya evidenceed its ultimate high level of unemployment in 2011 reaching 40% unemployment. This would affect PepsiCo in the following ways The demand of goods allow for decrease, be actor consumers allow for no longer have money to spend. Total revenue will decrease due to lack of purchases by a customers However government whitethorn decrease tax in order to countenance businesses to employ more. The public will be desperate for jobs and therefore will be willing to settle for a lower give waying job The*re will be a lower chance of staff turnover.Unemployment rate has decreased significantly in the past year this could affect the business in the following ways People will be willing to spend more on PepsiCos products thus increasing total revenue. There will be a rise in demand thus increasing profit. PepsiCo can now expand and will not have to worry about workforce However, staff may demand higher salaries as they see many other opportunities fountain up There is a high chance of staff turnover.Inflation rateInflation occurs when there is a general rise in the equipment casualty of goods in the whole economyThe inflation rate in Kenya was recorded at 3.25 percent in November of 2012. Inflation gait in Kenya is reported by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Historically, from 2005 until 2012, Kenya Inflation charge per unit averaged 12.5 portion reaching an all-time high of 31.5 Percent in May of 2008 and a record low of 3.2 Percent in October of 2010. In Kenya, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or advert in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goods.This factor that the capital Pepsi uses for buying raw materials is reducing due to a fall in prices Staff will no longer be too come to about their real value of their income. Consumers will now be able to afford better established labels like Pepsi. However, because of the general decrease in prices, Pepsi may not be able to justify any price increa se.The inflation rate in India was recorded at 7.45 percent in October of 2012. Inflation sum up in India is reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation. Historically, from 1969 until 2012, India Inflation Rate averaged 7.8 Percent reaching an all-time high of 34.7 Percent in September of 1974 and a record low of -11.3 Percent in May of 1976. In India, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or fall in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goodsinflation rate in India is high this means that Staff will become concerned about their real income high profits demands are likely and there could be an increase in industrial disputes. Consumers are likely to become more prices sensitive and look for bargains rather than galactic names causing revenue to decrease. The living standard will drop, therefore PepsiCo will have to reduce prices or risk losing their customers. However, consumers will make purchases swift fearing that prices will rise even mo re.Interest RateThe benchmark interest rate in India was last recorded at 8 percent. Interest Rate in India is reported by the Reserve Bank of India. Historically, from 2000 until 2012, India Interest Rate averaged 6.5 Percent reaching an all-time high of 14.5 Percent in August of 2000 and a record low of 4.3 Percent in April of 2009.This will affect pepsi in the following ways Pepsi will be unable to borrow and therefore will have to cut down on cost thus producing less Pepsi will be unable to expand if they are not willing to pay 8%. However, if pepsi feels like the 8% is within their budget then they would probably be safe to borrow seing as the grade are stable.The benchmark interest rate in Kenya was last recorded at 11 percent. Interest Rate in Kenya is reported by the Central Bank of Kenya. Historically, from 1991 until 2012, Kenya Interest Rate averaged 15.1 Percent reaching an all-time high of 84.7 Percent in July of 1993 and a record low of 0.8 Percent in September of 200 3. In Kenya, interest rates decisions are taken by The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Central Bank of Kenya.This will affect pepsi in the following ways It will cause a fall in production. It will cause a faal in profits due to controlled spending. However interest rates are likely to fall as we can see from the gragh above.Comparison of the economy in both India and Kenyaboth the Kenyan and indian economy are recovering from an economic crunch.If you equal the inflation rates of Kenya and india with their respective interest rates they correspond. This is because when inflation is high, the government needs to control spending and to do this, they need to increase interest inorder to encourage spending

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mergers And Acquisitions

Advantages And Disadvantages Of jointures And AcquisitionsSubmitted By Yatendra KumarDiscuss the st enjoingic rationales and motives for Ameri lowlife companies wishing to execute spinal fusions outside the American borders. Do you think it is correct for the European coupler to restrict unions surrounded by American companies that do traffic in Europe? (For example, the European outfit vetoed the proposed uniting between WorldCom and Sprint, both U.S. companies and it c arfully reviewed the merger between AOL and eonWarner, again both U.S. companies). Make recommendations on whether much(prenominal) mergers in the European Union are a worthwhile investment for American corporations.IntroductionTodays communication channel world is of growing economy and globalization, so most of the companies are struggling to achieve the optimal mart give care out accomplishable on both market level i.e. Domestic and International market. Day by day business person works to achieve a most well-known goal i.e. creation the better by what you perform as well as getting t here as quickly as possible. So firms work effortlessly to dodge their twins they assume various ways to try and do thus. Some of their ways might embody competitive within the market of their core competency. Therefore, it insuring that they need the best knowledge and skills to possess a fighting likelihood against their rivals in that business.In 21st century businesses are the game of growth. Every business essential the optimal market share (growth) over their competitors, so companies are trying to get optimum growth by using the most common shortcut i.e. Merger and Acquisition (MA). The growth chief(prenominal) motive is monetary stability of a business and in addition the shareh previous(a)ers riches maximization and main coalitions personal motivations. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) provides a business with a potenti each(prenominal)y bigger market share and it opens the busine ss up to a more diversified market. In these days it is the most commonly delectation methods for the growth of companies. Merger and Acquisition (MA) basically snitchs a business bigger, accession its ware and gives it more financial strength to be make out stronger against their competitor on the resembling market. Mergers and acquisitions open obtained quality by means ofout the world within the current economic conditions attri exclusivelyable to globalization, advancements of novel technology and augmented competitive business world (Leepsa and Mishra, 2012). In the last decade, MA are the dominant means of organizations globalization (Weber, Shenkar and Raveh 1996). Merger particularly could be a growing development that has become an area of the upstart business conditions and its apparent to possess affected each nation and flock (Balmer and Dinnie 1999).Concept of Mergers and AcquisitionThe main idea behind mergers and acquisition is wizard increase one makes th ree. The two companies together are more worth full than two classified companies at least thats the concluding behind mergers. Merger is the crew of two or more firms, generally by offering the shareholders of one firms securities in the acquiring firm in ex channel for the acquiescence of their shares. Merger is the marriage ceremony of two or more firms in making of a new body or creation of a holding company (European Central Bank, 2000, Gaughan, 2002, Jagersma, 2005). In former(a) words when two firms combine to create a new firm with shared resources and corporate objectives, it is known as merger (Ghobodian, liu and Viney 1999).It involves the mutual announcement of two firms to merge and become one entity and it may be seen as a choice created by two equals. The mutual business through geomorphologic and operational benefits secured by the merger leave behind reduce cost and increase the profits, boosting stockholder abide bys for each group of shareholders. In other wo rds, it involves two or more comparatively equal firms, which merge to become one official entity with the goal of making thats value over the sum of its components. During the merger of two firms, the stockholders sometimes have their shares within the previous company changed for an equal amount of shares within the integrated entity. The fundamental principle behind getting an organization is to form shareholders wealth over and higher than that of two firms wealth. The best example of merger is merger between AOL and magazine Warner in the category 2000. In 2000 the merger between AOL and Time Warner is one of the biggest deal that later fails.Advantages and disadvantages of Mergers and Acquisition (MA)The advantage and disadvantages of merger and acquisition are depending of the new companies short term and long term strategies and efforts. That is because of the factors likes market environment, Variations in business culture, acquirement costs and changes to financial power surrounding the business captured. So following are the some advantages and disadvantages of merger and acquisition (MA) areAdvantages by-line are the some advantagesThe most common reason for firms to enter into merger and acquisition is to merge their power and control over the markets.Another advantage is synergism that is the magic power that allow for increased value efficiencies of the new entity and it weighs the shape of returns enrichment and cost savings.Economies of scale is formed by sharing the resources and serve wells (Richard et al, 2007). Union of 2 firms leads in overall cost reduction giving a competitive advantage, that is feasible as a result of raised buying power and longer production runs.Decrease of risk using innovative techniques of managing financial risk.To become competitive, firms have to be compelled to be peak of technological developments and their dealing applications. By MA of a itsy-bitsy business with unique technologies, a grand company will retain or grow a competitive edge.The biggest advantage is revenue enhancement benefits. Financial advantages might instigate mergers and corporations will fully build use of tax- shields, increase monetary l eerage and utilize alternative tax benefits (Hayn, 1989).Disadvantages Following are the some difficulties encountered with a merger-Loss of experienced workers aside from workers in leadership positions. This kind of loss inevitably involves loss of business understand and on the other hand that will be worrying to exchange or will exclusively get replaced at nice value.As a result of MA, employees of the small merging firm may require exhaustive re-skilling.Company will face major difficulties thanks to frictions and internal competition that may bump among the staff of the united companies. There is conjointly risk of getting surplus employees in some plane sections.Merging two firms that are doing similar activities may mean extra and over capability within the co mpany that may need retrenchments.Increase in costs might result if the right oversight of modification and to a fault the implementation of the merger and acquisition dealing are delayed.The uncertainty with detect to the approval of the merger by proper assurances.In many events, the return of the share of the company that ca employ buyouts of other company was less than the return of the sector as a whole.The merger and acquisition (MA) reduces flexibility. If a rival makes revolution and may before long market vital resources those are of superior quality, shift is tough. The change expense is the major attribute between the particular merger worth and also the merchandising value of the firm that can be of larger distinction.Literature ReviewThis paper deals with the merger and Acquisition of the companies. The combination of two firms is measure additional value than two companies at least thats the concluding behind mergers. This also includes the main strategic rationale s and motives for American companies wishing to execute mergers outside the American borders and also is the European Union restriction on the American companies MA with European companies is correct by the help of case study of merger between AOL Time Warner. strategical rationales and motives for American companiesThe main rationales and motives of American companies to merger outside the America are to extend their market, get new source of raw materials and tap in large capital market. The cross-border MA is a widely used and popular strategic means for international companies sayinging to expand their business reach, widen new production facilities, enlarge new sources of raw resources, and tap into capital markets (Weston, Chung, Hoag, 1990). Deals out of the borders have been many and large during the 1990s (Subramanian et al., 1992), and the deals like that are probable to attain new heights due to globalization trends, decline in unwieldy business regulations and red tape , and by the development of standardized accounting standards by various capital-starved countries (Zuckerman, 1993). Moreover, the main motive is to expend their business or market and develop new sources for raw material.Restriction for Mergers in European UnionIn the earlier times, the enforcement rules in European Zone against mergers were totally different. In the starting, the European Community wasnt abundant involved concerning mergers. The founders of European Economic Community believed that division of markets resulted into unskillfully and for them largeness was never a problem or a haul (Bermann et al, 1993). Theyd even thought of regulation as an answer for giant mergers instead of de-concentration. Actually, Mergers were generally accepted and cross-border mergers were most congenial which might facilitate mix the European Union. To the extent that the European Community started taking social control for mergers seriously, it majorly focused upon a drag that mergers would produce maltreatment of market power (Eleanor, M n.d). Finally, European Commission (EC) law thought of merger as a main growing concern. The EC authorities make certain that, once companies merge, the market balance is maintained and avoid distortion of competition and formation of dominant position that might be abused. Giant companies ought to take approval from the European Union and deliver them with necessary one.Case studyThe merger between AOL and Time Warner was declared on 10 January 2000 and it was worth $183 cardinal. That was the biggest merger in the history of American business world. AOL had about 40% share of online service in the yoked States and the Time Warner have more than 18% of US media and cable households. The merger is interpreted into account to be a vertical merger between one amongst the most important web service suppliers and this one amongst the biggest media and entertainment firm. The new company was formed and named as AOL Time Warner and was the fourth biggest company in the US, as evaluated by stock market valuation. After the merger deal, AOL become a subsidiary the Time Warner Company at stage and has operations in Europe, North American countries and Asia. As a web service supplier, AOL on look severely rival from Microsoft, Yahoo and different low price net access suppliers. Thus, the corporate tries to induce advertising and e-commerce growth, thereby die it by rival (BBC, 2000).Impact of deal on the performanceAfter the official announcement of deal merger between AOL and Time Warner growth rate in revenue has dramatically declined. The profitability suffered a good plunge when the alliance. The potency of the new united firm was terribly poor as hardened from the asset turnover ratio. Even the liquidity of the firm suffered once the merger as evident from this ratio. There are several reasons for failure however the first off vital reason was the unequal size of the companies, wherever AOL was overvalued as a result of web bubble. According to New York share exchange before the deal the share price of AOL is 73 and Time Warne is 90 but aft(prenominal) announcement of the merger deal the shareholders dissatisfaction shown on share market of AOL and Time Warner and the shares force out down to 47 and 71 respectively. AOL and Time Warner fail to keep up shareholders satisfaction levels this conjointly one among the rationale to loosing stability of share holders according to the clock magazine (Kane and Margaret, 2003).The market valuation of both the companies AOL and Time Warner were decline from the starting of the merger to end of the deal. AOL has drop down approximately 60 percent and Time Warner somewhat 30 percent of market value once the deal has been closed. The market valuation of both the companies from 2000 to 2011 was dropped down drastically. The AOL market value has dropped from 167$ billion to 107$ billion and the Time Warner 124$ billion to 99$ billion and is the biggest dropped down of any company in American history.Reasons for merger Failures1+1 = 3 sounds great but in practice or reality every time its not work properly and go awry. Historical trends show that roughly 2 thirds of large mergers can let down on their own terms, which implies theyre going to lose worth on the stock exchange. The motivations that mainly drive mergers are frequently deface and efficiencies from economies of scale might prove elusive (Investopedia, 2010).Adoption of the new technology takes time for the recipe company. In late twentieth century dramatic changes has occur in web. Migration of recent mode of web service is connected with high barricade and a number of other social and legal problems was encircled around and recently established firms like yahoo, msn etc was giving high edge competition. Economical rate of inflation is high, to create economy stronger American government has modified the indemnity and taxation rules have throwing a dispute f or AOL to beat this things merger with Time Warner became a fruit to the AOL. Public and private policies are one of the reasons for the merger failure. The reasons of merger failure is over valuation of AOL shares has shown a dramatic impact on the deal, where as stake holders are not satisfied and improper communication with consumers regaining the trust of user. The mergers fail was a result not only because of the replete of the dot-com bubble but it also the failings by AOL Time Warner concern to ever really integrate the two firms.ConclusionOne size does not match all. Several firms think that the most effective way to get in the lead is to expand business boundaries through mergers and acquisitions (MA). Mergers produce synergies and economies of scale, increasing operations and cutting prices. Investors will take comfort within the idea that a merger can deliver increased market power. The same thing happens with the Americas biggest merger deal between AOL and Time Warne r. They think that merger is helpful for both the companies but it not matched for both of them. Both AOL and Time Warner synergies shows diversification is that the main goal of the firms to extend the revenue and to attain the value gain because of the amendment in mode of technology and increase in the competition for the well established firms. Throughout the phase of merger web bubbles also the main cause for over valuation of shares. In distinction Time Warner was the victim of net bubble. This type merger failure cases shows support the European Commission to restrict the American companies to merge with the European companies. European commitment has a right to govern the European market and make stable the Euro Zone market. The European commission (EC) is thought of defending domestic companies from foreign rival and they encourage their zone mergers. So the European commission doesnt want any problems like dis-economies of scale, clashes of cultures and reduction of flexi bilities by the merger of American companies. So the merger is highly regulated by European Union to avoid major concentration of economic power in euro zone. The merger deals cases like AOL and Time Warner helps the European Commission (EC) to make strict rules to restrict the merger and acquisition (MA) of American companies with the Euro Zone companies.Advantages and Disadvantages of Mergers and AcquisitionsAdvantages and Disadvantages of Mergers and AcquisitionsMergers and Acquisitions can be described as a step taken by any two organizations to make a more valuable company rather than two separate companies.Although the terms merger and acquisition are used very closely, but they are different. When one company takes over the other, the target company is taken as non-existent and the buyer company takes over the company continues to sight the stocks with its name.Whereas, in case of mergers, two separate firms, mostly of the same size, mutually agree to go forward with an enti rely single new company with respect to the operations and owning of the new firm jointly rather than two separate firms.The case is about the merger of British Airways and Iberia making them to catch up on their rival Air Carriers and compete with the low-cost airlines, rising fuel costs, security concerns and costs for customers.However, due to commercial purposes, both the Airways would retain their existing brands. Both the companies look forward to gain from the merger with respect to a greater access across America.For the miracle worker, William M Walsh, who announced the planned merger, after a difficult year for British Airways, due to Icelandic Volcanic Ash Clouds and Cabin Crew get winds, situation has become even more trouble-some with the kind of response British Airways has been receiving from the BASSA (British air lane Stewards and Stewardesses Association), Unite Union, BALPA (British Airline Pilots Association) and their own staff.Though the travel analysts belie ve that the merger would on a long run prove to be beneficial for travelers or customers, but the concern right now for British Airways is to re-convince the BASSA (British Airline Stewards and Stewardesses Association), Unite Union Leadership who have changed their mind to settle for the new changes taking place. On the other hand, the media and the staff including BALPA (British Airline Pilots Association) are also at unrest due to the new proceedings taking place.Now the problem which Tom McCarthy, the retiring(a) HRM Director of British Airways is trying to resolve is how the British Airways can settle the industrial unrest. As clearly stated, the industrial unrest is caused due to the merger with Iberia, and also the proposed plans of pay-cuts, diffuseness, job losses and retaining the best talent pool and change in working conditions.Unite union, after the shareholders meeting, have announced to ballot the choices of cabin crew, whether to or not to take any further industri al action. However, on the other hand, BASSA (British Airline Stewards and Stewardesses Association) is also seeking a ballot for carrying out a strike against the British Airways.If I was asked to determine, how the British Airways could manage the rounds of Industrial Action, my first step would be to call for a meeting with the British Airways Carriers Management, the complete management representatives, representatives from the Unite Union, from BASSA (British Airline Stewards and Stewardesses Association), from BALPA (British Airline Pilots Association) and the staff.Since, this merger was planned, the expected output with respect to revenue is profitable, the concerns of the manpower cannot be ignored. Thus, a consultative meeting with the purpose of Collective dicker could be planned and called.Collective Bargaining can be used as a term for voluntary negotiation between the employer, employee or the trade union. The purpose of collective bargaining is to reach at a mutual ag reement with respect to the work and the working conditions.Since, the purpose would be to negotiate, the management would doom out the benefits of the mergers and the reasons for the decisions that could or would be taken due to the same. The discussion, on the other hand, give a chance to the other side of the employer, to put their view-point forward and also, come up with suggestions that could ease out the unrest amongst the staff and their associations.The steps that could facilitate a better response from the employees, other than a collective meeting for negotiation could be holding department wise meetings, encouragement of written communication, placing of suggestion box at various areas for the employees.As a second step, I would have to draft the expected Human Resource challenges that the British Airways would face due to the industrial unrest caused by the merger.During a merger, the human capital, i.e., the employees are scrutinized other than financial and materia l assets of any company. The staff, across levels become insure about their job. They fear demotion, decreased salaries and even continued employment.The main Human resource challenge set about is to decide how many employees would be affected and what would be the time line for the same. The issue of taking such decisions requires a good and clear communication that is unthaw from any kind of rumors.In mergers, mostly one or few among the available are taken, either the company proposes downsizing, wherein, the decision is taken to let the military force go for improving their efficiency or lay-offs, wherein, the termination takes place, either of employees or of positions.The decision for such affair is taken by the dominant company and thus, the HR needs to follow a professional approach towards planning a fair method of lay-off implementation.Another issue is to assimilate the new employee with the old after the merger. The introduction and assigning of team to facilitate tea m work would have to be done with great planning and care.Also, as discussed earlier, the concern which is faced by the British Airways is the resistance to change by the employees. With a proper channel of communication, suggestion boxes etc, this problem can also be worked out and sort a solution for.For any merger to be successful, it is imperative, that the manpower, the people involved, who drive the business and its growth are capable of creating, innovating and executing things collaboratively.The employees should be able to understand, why such an action is taken by the management and what benefit it would produce for them. They should be able to relate the value , the merger would bring to their daily work life. The challenge here is that the management should not act as an administrator but a coach or profit consultant.The Human Resource department here should focus on easing the merger transition and fitting the pieces as closely as possible. It should initiate in areas o ther than just administration or payroll but work closely together with the management in recruitment, retention and managing the effects of cultural change.The people may also be resistive to change because they might have to work in a different process, different department, different geographical location other than a different team, management and new members.The HR should take up these issues seriously as it might result in walk-outs also, as in the case of British Airways where BASPA is planning for a strike ballot, where around 10,500 workers may walkout.The possible solutions or potential HR strategic plans should be drafted. The management could give time to the employees to build trust amongst all the new people, the environment and the changes introduced.Both the companies should appoint an integration team, which would include the Human Resource team to meet periodically to plan the changes and execute the same at the acquired firm.The HR team of the dominant company wo uld have to learn about the acquired company, its business and the people working in it. The approach to be followed should be of participative temper and not dominative.Like in British Airways, where it has been clearly agreed by Walsh, that the jobs would be lost, cost cutting would be exercised, and employees may be asked for voluntary redundancy other than pay-cuts for cabin-crew. On the other hand, Iberia also plans to freeze their hiring plans and also request for early retirement of many of its employees.Measure should be take to be taken to ring the concerns of the employees, by mean of an open communication, there could be a hot-line for the employees where they may call and and confidential seek answers to their queries , since many employees may not want to put their foot forward in public.The purpose should be to encourage the employees to meet their new counterpart and companions. The Human Resource team should focus and object at introducing and familiarizing the ne w teams and new set of people with each other, as these people are insecure and worried about their jobs and future.With British Airways and Iberias merger, the possible areas of conflict and resistance that may arise in the transitional period of replacing old crew with new crew. The transitional period bring with it a lot of anxiety, rejection, self-protectiveness, this was not hoped for response for the new management, defensiveness etc.The employees may not be ready to work with people they do not think they will be able to be friendly with. Since, the feeling and anger of losing their friends, who because of the merger, might have been laid off or downsized.The staff members may not want to work under the new policies and practices laid down by the new management. They may also be resistant to change their location or department of work.During transition, employees may feel displaced, low on energy, may resent to learn new things, may lose focus. People during such time , want their normal days to return as quickly as possible. They at such times have an amplified need for predictability, control and protection.An aggrieved employee would look for visible leader, accessible managementWhenever an organization makes a change, its people have to deal with, first an ending or letting go of what was then a time between the old and the new when the person is a drift called the neutral zone, and then a new beginning or reintegration. (Bridges, 1991).When we talk about a training program, we psychoanalyse the need for such a program on the first place. Since, here it is a matter of merger of two companies, where other than many changes, one change is about the working of the new company, its management, its policies and the planned practices.The training programme should be designed to serve the purpose of filling the gap between, what is know, may be through mouth of word, or as a rumor and to let people know the truth or the facts.The training program should b e designed to address the issues of the employees concerned. Since, the company formed is new, it would have to address the concerns relating the working style and the management, the people in the management etc.It should focus on introducing the new formulations, rules, regulations, and peole in the company.

The Harmful Effects Of Smoking Health And Social Care Essay

The Harmful Effects Of consume Health And Social C be EssayThere are many grown cause of consume link to health, social and psychological level which can harm the liveness of a person in great detail. For smoking passel grow the tobacco tree whose leave which are mostly bullet traind or chewed and sniffed for many different doings. brace which involves tobacco which then contains a original chemical known as nicotine. Nicotine is highly addictive chemical, and a smoking person can become a slave of nicotine for very long while if he/she is not cautious a first time. Tobacco other than nicotine contains nineteen different cancer causing chemicals, and together these chemical are called tar. mess mess for different reasons much(prenominal) as they want to produce a sense of being well, to boost their mood, and to improve short term concentration and memory. Until belatedly smoking was consider good thing, and there were many advertisements for smoking in newspaper, tel evision, and other mass media.Smoking is major health risk, however still quite a little give different reasons for smoking most of these justifications are not very reasonable. Smoking is mostly starts at young age be example teenagers think that if they start smoking they allow for be considered as mature, but of course they are wrong and causing serious health risk for themselves. Smoking by many is right smart to relax, but it comes with greater health risk for damaging the brain. Smoking is very bad habit thus it should be quitted by peck, smoking carriage dont risk their lives but lives of other which inhale the smoke (Greaves, 2002).Smoking effects differ from a person to another person depending upon exposure to chemicals of the cigarette. Smoking is not only semipublic health issue, but also it has great pecuniary cost on the nations. Until we stop smoking, more people will be addicted, more people will get sick, more families will be devastated by loss of loved one s, bring great damage to medical system of the nations. Harm of smoking on body of a person is enormous, and smoking should be ban from all public places. Smoking can easily make a body weak, and cause a slow and steady death. There many facts related to smoking and deaths, for instances in United States there were somewhat 443,000 deaths by smoking, which is about one in five death every year. It is also believed that each year more deaths happen due to smoking compared to combine the deaths by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), alcohol, suicides, unlawful drugs, murder and vehicle injuries. Due to smoking ninety percent of all lung cancer in men is caused, and eighty percent of all lung cancer deaths in women. It is also estimated that deaths ninety percent of all deaths by chronic obstructive lung diseases are caused by smoking.Human body is very vulnerable to pestiferous effects of smoking, and it can harm our heart, lungs, squanderer circulation, mug up, stomach, mouth, eyes, skin, reproduction and fertility. Smoking effect on heart and lung in very serious manner, in case of heart nicotine raises blood pressure and blood gets clot easily. Carbon monoxide raids the blood of oxygen and causes development of cholesterol deposits in artery walls. In case of lungs smoking causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which is group of disease that includes asthmatic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) are well known as silent killer diseases. well-nigh of smokers dont know that they are affected by it until it is too late to save them. There is no cure for such type of diseases and almost fifteen percent of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Harm to blood circulation start at by smoking, and veins and arteries get hard, narrow, and also get coated by plump down deposits. This can then lead to problems such as cold skin, ulcer, cramps, pain and blockages in veins which can cause a stroke and heart attack. Smoking makes bones weak and breakable, and women need to be careful because they are more likely to suffer by osteoporosis than non-smokers. Smoking can harm stomach, eyes and skin. Stomach damages can affect vital organs in the body, and increase the chance of stomach cancer. There are even more danger for eyes such as eye diseases related to Graves ophthalmopathy, glaucoma and cataract. Worst thing which can be done by smoking is causing a permanent blindness. Smoking lessens the amount of oxygen for the skin. This can mean that skin start to age more quickly and making you look like dull and grey. Smoking effect on reproduction and fertility are very serious. Smoking can increase risk of feebleness, and can damage spermatozoon by reducing sperm count and casing testicular cancer (Team, 2009).Everybody knows the harm of smoking but nobody cares to stop it, this attitude towards smoking should be changed. Smoking is vilest habit of about 1.2 billion whic h are addicted to smoking. It has no benefit for smoker and the club. Smoking impact on society is beyond health and illness. Smoking regularly impacts the financial resources of smoker especially when people have limited resources. For instance in England stintingally poor households spend about 2.5 percent of income on smoking per week. It is believed that economic burden of smoking exceeds one percent of European GDP. Society has to pay the cost of smoking by morbidity and mortality. Direct cost of smoking is related to health care and indirect cost is related to the loss of human capital due to premature deaths, productivity losses, and unpaid income taxes. Currently estimate the tot up smoking attribute cost of two leading groups of smoking related diseases in COPD and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), amount between 105.83 to 130.31 billion euros. In Australia smoking net social cost is between 2.1 to 3.4 percent of their GDP (Kaiser S, 2009 ).Smoking effect on children and teen s are intense. Smoking passively can impair childs mightiness at mathematics and reading by leading researchers claims. Study of smoking environment is essential, and one such study shows that if people at home smoke regularly then children get low marks in test. In journal of Environmental Health Perspectives measure that exposer to smoking at home leads to cotinine in children. Cotinine is common in children by second-hand smoke. Exposer of smoking at home to children is important issue which governance must resolve to keep the childrens safe (Society Guardian, 2005 ). Teenager starts to smoke at very young age thus cause the buildup foundation of diseases in their bodies. Teenage at large think smoking as jaunty thing and get involved in smoking. Children and teenager are building blocks of our society if they are in safe environment then society are in safe environment. Implication of life is lost due to smoking, and as result average persons loses 10 to 15 minute of exquisit e life whenever smoking. Smoking is largest preventable cause of unwanted deaths around the world. Smoking cause more than twenty five diseases and most of them are life intimidating, and strappingly suspected to relate to smoking. median(a) smoking reduces the total life expectancy to 6.8 years, heavy smoking reduces the total life expectancy to 8.8 years. Furthermre smoking reduced the number of disease free life by 5.8 years. Stop smoking at age of forty and increase your life expectancy to 4.6 years(Baijal, 2010).Over the years smoking has proven harm for our society and one such harm is at psychological level. Smoking seems to take control of our mind and make us do illogical things. Some backbreaking smoking people are increasing becoming threat for their families and a burden on the society. Most smokers being during young age, and this leads to risk pickings or rebellion later in their lives. Presence of high status model and peer also leads to encouragement of smoking. Sm okers say they smoke to relieve the feeling of tenor but in truth they have higher stress level than non-smokers. Psychologist Hans Eysenck has developed a personality profile of smokers, and Extraversion is trait in smoker in which they tend to be impulsive, sociable and excitement seeking individuals (Eysenck, 1965). Psychologists also believe that personality and social factors are great causes of smoking. Now it is responsibility of government around the world to take action against smoking and ban it from public places. Governments around the world should provide quitting treatments of smoking in different society so we can eradicate the diseases from our society.In conclusion smoking is not only harmful to you but all the people around you. People who smoke have increased their chance of getting heart diseases and lung cancer. Smoking is bad addiction and as soon we can get rid of smoking its better for people around us. We should reduce the number of people who smoke in our society because it destroys our society from its core. It is absolute necessity to fully understand the harms of smoking and stop it from taking lives of virtuous peoples. The smoking should be quitted by smoker to avoid financial losses the harmful effects of health. Smoking strongly contributes to sterility thus twain male and female should discourage it. We know almost every disease which is linked to smoking and causing the deaths thus it is time to say no to harmful effects of smoking.

The Role Of The Management Accountant Accounting Essay

The Role Of The c atomic number 18 Accountant accounting EssayAt present, there is an argument about whether the aim of the counseling accountant in organisations has changed when the ancestry environs changed at the same time. The usage of forethought accountants in organisations was measured by (a) their skills requirements, and (b) the way other managers perceive them in their organisations (Tsamenyi and Yazfifar, 2005).In this essay, the author referred to a great number of literatures about this topic, and fin each(prenominal)y came to a conclusion that the architectural plan of vigilance accountant in organisations has changed momentously accompanied by the changes of occupation surroundings over these years. Recently, cargon accountants in organisations did not just execute the traditional functions such as accumulation, analysis and preparation, and play the role like the bean antipathetical and gathers of nurture that is personaful and necessary for decisi on-makers (Choi, 2002). With the developments and changes of the business environment in some decades, the role of direction accountant has changed into business partner and strategic partner, and taken the aid of interpretation, evaluation, control and involvement in decision-making (Choi, 2002).The analysisBackgroundThe status of the role of wariness accountant in organisations has been paid enough attentions in these years. Not entirely academic and professional staff made a Brobdingnagian number of chronicle literatures, but as well many related people that are not in accountancy subject provided more and more number of research evidences of this area. They all finally came to a point that the changing business environment caused the change of the role of prudence accountant in organisations. So the first aspect to research the topic is to evaluate the changes of the business environment. Further more, the second aspect is to find the changes of the role of guidance accountant in organisations. At last, the conclusion of this essay is to build a bridge between the changing business environment and the changes of the role of management accountant in organisations.The changing business environmentIf people tend to make a clear view of the change, they should get a specific experience of the business and business environment. As a sequence, this survey initially concentrated on the changing business environment. According to the management account statement professionals declared, the principle curve that caused the change of the role of management accountant in corporation is the increasingly fierce competition (Hoque et al., 2001 Krishnan et al., 2002).The new business environment just reflected this kind of competition. In the new business environment, it gave the expression to escalating globalization, fresh regulations that focused on corporate governance, changeable markets, new organizational structures, mergers and acquisitions, new man agement traffic patterns, rapid reaction speed, increasingly intelligent development technology and a potential sheer of a more elastic corporation structure because of the demand to steal with market segregation and more (Askary et al ,2008). In some surveys, people see the changes of nurture technology and organizational restructuring as the most two important issues caused the change of the role of management accountants in organizations. And new accounting software and new management style are other two signifi guttert change drivers (Tsamenyi and Yazfifar, 2005).For fashion model, a significant change of the business environment is the change of management accounting practices. There are so many new management accounting techniques had been innovated and implied in business these years. Some experts claimed that the changes of management accounting practices are administrative groundworks (Hart and Roslender, 2002). Whether these changes could be successful or not, the y are depended on how well behavioral and organizational implications are dealt with. So the process of these changes meets a huge organizational stress, clash and revolt. And these negative issues whitethorn cause failure of the innovation (Hart and Roslender, 2002). In this area, the most important issue is the innovation of Strategic charge Accounting (SMA). SMA was considered as the common-sense approach to the matters emerged in a changing business environment (Hart and Roslender, 2002). Some experts claimed accountants did a large number of benefits by using SMA to strategy formulation and implementation. Some researchers suggested accountants to change their views from traditional accounting issues to concern more business factors. Some persons seen SMA was a tool to help accountants put up their status in organizations (Hart and Roslender, 2002). As a so hot topic, there is no a common conceptual framework about SMA. One definition (Hart and Roslender, 2002) accepted by som e people isThe provision and analysis of management accounting data about a business and its competitors for use in development and monitoring the business strategy, particularly relative levels and trends in real costs and prices, volume, market share, cash flow and the proportion demanded of a firms total resources.In 1981 that SMA was found, Simmonds format a view that the role of management accountants were changed from a pure financial worker to a more important position that need to make up a business opinion and hold the ability of the understand of business environment and represent changes in competitive position to senior management (Hart and Roslender, 2002).To illustrate, intelligent information development is a more important reason that caused the change not only in the past, but also it is going to influence the role of management accountant in companies in the future even for ever (Management Accounting, 1998). Meanwhile, the development of intelligent information occurred in every industry, business aspect and country. It is an obvious trend that computers deal with more daily work (Management Accounting, 1998). People who can hold the ability to learn and master IT and apply advantages of IT to daily works in force(p)y, they will gain benefits of a broader and more flexible role, with bigger management responsibilities, and maybe more rewards, and more frequently join in business strategy (Management Accounting, 1998). The application of IT into business work impacted not only on the role of management accountant in organizations, but also on the relationship between management accounting and other function (Management Accounting, 1998).There is another specific example that could be seen as the impact of the changing business environment caused on the role of management accountant. go-ahead Resource Planning (ERP) systems are the chief innovation in the business world as an information technology for companies to get information in 1990 (Kholeif and Jack, 2007). As a result, there are a good many of researches to investigate how the ERP systems to influence management accountant on work. One decision in researches of this topic is the role of management accountants in ERP environments seems to be subject to hybridisation, that means the role poke outs to include other business and information run lowment or other people broaden their roles to take charges that accountant do (Kholeif and Jack, 2007). Consequently, the role of management accountants is changing from those traditional functions towards business partner and strategic partner. In antagonism of this, the use of ERP system yet may hurt the role of management accountant as information suppliers because the chief managers can gain information they need directly without through accountant report (Kholeif and Jack, 2007).In recent years, there is another vitally important development concept in management accounting called Balanced carte du jour. It conta ins two aspects of changes compared with old accounting system. At one hand, it introduced an incorporation of non-financial measures. At the other hand, it joined these measures with organisational strategy (Choi and Latshaw, 2002). This means the top management of corporations could use Balanced Scorecard to strengthen strategies, introduce these strategies to all of the company, and assess the organisations process that pursues the goals of the strategies. At the same time, management accountants also adopt this concept in their works. This helps them conjure their status in companies as important management team partners.The changes of the role of management accountant in organizationsIt is a well k straightwayn statement that management accounting practices that mainly include management accounting techniques, information and/or systems have nearly kept been stable in the greater part of a century (Johansson, 1990 Kaplan, 1986b). As a result, it can be concluded that tradition al management accounting practices lost the ability of gaining useful information and giving full play in management decision-making in the changing business environment. With the changing business environment, the role of management accountants in organizations also changed obviously.One obvious example of the changes of t management accountants caused by the innovation of Balanced Scorecard could be found in the article Counting More, Counting Less Transformations in the Management Accounting Profession.(Choi and Latshaw, 2002) In the essay, the authors compared engagements of management accounting professions between 1995 and 1999 about accountants in IMA (Institute of Management Accountants). They found some aspects of the changes. First, there are more people considered management accountants gain more benefits for corporations in 1999 than the number in 1995 (Choi and Latshaw, 2002). Second, more workers were aware that management accountants were not only worked for accounti ng department, they also worked in operating sections as part of business team (Choi and Latshaw, 2002). Third, professors searched that management accountants used more time in internal consulting and the most important action for them is the strategic planning (Choi and Latshaw, 2002). At last, people claimed that management accountants in companies took charges of both business partner and strategic partner. The vital reason of these changes is that management accountants in organisations take use of Balance Scorecard as a powerful tool to show their abilities to senior managers and strengthen their role as strategic partners (Choi and Latshaw, 2002).With the emergence of a specific accounting practice called Strategic Management Accounting (SMA), the role of management accountants also greeted clear changes. From the research of Bhimani and Bromwich, there two major ways of strategic management accounting One tends to cost the product attributes provided by a companys products t he other is to cost the functions in the value chain which provide value to the consumer (Bromwich Bhimani, 1994). According to findings of Inman (1999), there are some points of differences between traditional and strategic management accounting The first significant difference is the way that how cost should be cost the second difference is the cost analysis goals the last difference is the cost behavior. SMA put emphasis on the relative cost position the approach a corporate may keep a continual cost advantages and costs of differentiation. As a result, the new kind of accounting practice requires management accountants to gain more abilities and broaden their horizon from their usual work, put more eyes on general management, strategies making and implement, marketing and product development (Hart and Roslender, 2002).In modern society, intelligent information development is a common driver caused changes in many areas. The role of management accountants in organizations also c hanged with this trend. If management accountants want to be competent at their positions, they should possess the ability to stay ahead of change. They need to k promptly well the latest information technology software, as the same time get a comprehensive comprehension of the business (Anastas, 1997). Consequently, there are some changes and trends happened for management accountants. The first trend was more and more management accountants became senior managers such as chief executive officers or chief operating officers, and the responsibility of accountants also changed from just analysis of past to strategic planning (Anastas, 1997). The reason of this phenomenon was because of the ability of accountants that they can translate financial data and results to strategic planning word. The second change was under the pressure of the development of information technology, management accountants became advisors or internal consultants (Anastas, 1997). Accountants now join in the ac tivities such as creating strategies and recommendations to influence management decisions. Management accountants play the role as a pivot among different departments. Heading accountants are the centre point to ensure companies on track. The third change is management accountants increasingly involved in decision-making activities (Anastas, 1997). They no longer just do book-keeping they also make decisions for the whole company strategies. The forth change is management accountants became information managers because they are always the first consumers of new technology (Anastas, 1997). As a result, accountants normally adjusted more quickly and smoothly to new information technology than other departments in organizations. Accountants used the new technology to transform their eyes from expression backward to looking forward. So accountants could use new technology to calculate and forecast future environment the corporation will meet. Even sometimes accountants became sellers sort of that reporters as the reason that they can sell the suggestions they got from the new information about what to do in the future (Anastas, 1997).ConclusionAs been found the changes of business environment and the changes of the role of management accountants in organizations and the relationship between two kinds of changes, the conclusion could be gained. As a clear research finding, the major changes in business environment are these aspects communications and information technology, organisational restructuring, globalisation and internationalisation and improvements and new innovations of management accounting practices (Management Accounting, 1998). And the major functions of management accountants these years focused on design and improve the information systems of companies (especially understand and make use of IT system), give suggestions for business projects, join in strategic planning (plan and operate business and marketing objectives), deal with customers dema nds and taxation matters (Management Accounting, 1998). To summarise these aspects in some common and incisive points, the changes of the role of management accountants in organisations are chiefly as these respects Firstly, the role of management accountants has been changed to business partners in corporations. They joined in more and more activities in functional departments, and they also participated in the plan and renew of information. Secondly, management accountants increasingly move their location from offices towards more near to plants. Thus they can get more specifically understanding of the business. This is also a clear point about accountants now play the role as business partners and they usually joined in a project from the just beginning and decision of results, and take charge of all outcomes. Thirdly, management accountants now naturally are seen as members of management team and business managers because their unique knowledge of finance and accounting can take huge benefits for management actions (ODea and Pierce, 2003). In one sentence, the role of the management accountant has changed in recent years from traditional accounting functions to that of a strategic planner and a business partner in the changing business environment.BibliographyAnastas.M. (1997) The changing world of management accounting and financial management. Journal of Management accounting. .48-51.Askarany.D et al. (2008) Management Accountants Role in Dependent and Independent Companies Does Ownership outlet? Journal of Accounting Business Management. 15(2), .1-21.Bhimani, A. and Keshtvarz, M. H. (1999). British management accountants strategically oriented. Journal of Cost Management. 13(2), .25-31.Cable.R.J et al. (2009) Teaching future management accountants. Journal of Management accounting quarterly. 10(4), .44-50.Choi.Y and Latshaw.C.A. (2002) The Balanced Scorecard and the Accountant as a Valued Strategic Partner. Journal of Review of Business. .27-29.Hart. S.J and Roslender.R. (2002) Integrating Management accounting and marketing in the pursuit of competitive advantage the case for strategic management accounting. Journal of Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 13, .255-277.Johansson, H. (1990). Accounting System Changes. Journal of Management Accounting. .37-41.Hoque, Z., Mia, L. and Manzurul, A. (2001). Market competition, computer-aided manufacturing and use of multiple performance measures an empirical study. Journal of British Accounting Review. 33(1), .23-45.Kaplan, R. S. (1986b) The Role for Empirical Research in Management Accounting. Journal of Accounting, Organizations and Society. 11(4), .429-452.Kholeif.A and Jack.L. (2008) Enterprise Resource Planning and a contest to limit the role of management accountants A strong structuration perspective. Journal of Accounting Forum. 32, .30-45.Management Accounting. (1998) The changing role of the management accountant and its implications for qualification development. Journal of Management Accounting Magazine for Chartered Management Accountants. 76(8), .68.ODEA.T and Pierce.B. (2001) Management accounting information and the needs of managers Perceptions of managers and accountants compared. Journal of The British Accounting Review. 35, .257-290.Tayles.M and Ma.Y. (2009) On the emergence of strategic management accounting an institutional perspective. Journal of Accounting and Business Research. 39(5),.473-495.Tsamenyi.M and Yazdifar.H. (2005) Management accounting changes and the changing roles of management accountants a relative analysis between dependent and independent organizations. Journal of Accounting Organizational. 1(2), .180-198.Yazdifar. H Askarany. D Askary. S. (2008), Management Accountants Role in Dependent and Independent Companies Does Ownership Matter? Journal of Accounting Business Management, 15(2), .1-21.

The New Scenes in Hawks The Big Sleep Essay -- Movie Film Essays

In the strike version of The bounteous Sleep, Howard Hawks invents scenes and characters that do non appear in Raymond Chandlers novel. No old bookstore trist, no rough and ready female cabdriver, no winking cigargontte girl grace the pages of his book Marlowe and Vivian never talk of horses and Carmens always naked. only if not in the film. In the film, she wears clothes, Marlowe is a jockey, Vivian is a horse, and all these characters appear. Faulkner, Brackett, and Furthman write these elements into the screenplay. But they do not develop ideas the text does not already suggest. The ideas are there--just evolved into new species that echo the original animal. Hawks had to do it, for the Production Code forbid directors to present any material that was overtly sexual, violent, vulgar or differentwise, profane. Therefore, since the Hays business office regulated what Hawks could present on film, his writers embedded the censored material in new forms. Todd McCar thy explains that, the writers . . . and director . . . extracted the maximum character and suggestiveness from every situation (387). In other words, they invented and modified scenes and created characters while Hawks manipulated the mise-en-scene to suggest the forbidden ideas in Chandlers novel. Three tenets of the Production Code impact the film directly. The Hays Office states as follows 1. Sadism, homosexuality, incest, etc., should not regular be hinted at in motion pictures. 2. The treatment of low, disgusting, unpleasant, though not necessarily evil, subjects should be subject always to the dictate of good taste and a regard for the sensibilities of the audience. 3. Complete nudity is never permitted. This includes nudity in f... ...tes, but he does not present everything. Nor goat he, for the Production Code restricts what he can represent on film in 1946. For this reason, Hawks eliminated some ideas--i.e. Geigers homosexuality, Vivians violent aggressio n--entirely. But he kept the one element he felt he could not omit. In the novel, Carmens nude figure possesses an incalculable amount of energy. Hawks wanted that energy to carry the film. Therefore, he employed writers who would help him inject the power of her image into the film in ways the Hays Office would accept. Works Cited Chandler, Raymond. The Big Sleep. New York Vintage Books, 1939. McCarthy, Todd. Howard Hawks The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York Grove Press, 1997. Moley, Raymond. The Hays Office. Indianapolis The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1945. The Big Sleep. Dir. Howard Hawks. Universal, 1946.

Peace, Prosperity and American Relative Power Capability :: essays papers

Peace, Prosperity and American Relative Power Capability There appears to be in the human race an era of unprecedented peace. perverse to the predictions that the end of the Cold warfare will bring about the fragmentation of supranational order and the emergence of multipolar rivalry among atomistic national units, today the worlds major powers racket co-operative relations and world economy is progressively liberalising and integrating. The peace and prosperity of the current era, however are sustained by the eonian operation of a iodine factor American relative power capability (Kupchan, 1998, p. 40). In this paper, a clear alien policy strategy for the coupled States of America in atomic number 63 and Eurasia will be outlined. Such an outline should be necessarily made from the perspective of American national interests. America is a global power and it has decisive global interests. The perception of the global interests of America is shaped by the desired fu ture that the American political elite is envisioning. A viable foreign policy strategy then will be simply the roadmap for achieving, to the greatest extent possible, the objectives which are substantiated by that desired future start from the present condition of the international landscape. The means to achieve these objectives are determined by the relative power capability that America has at present, as puff up as the capability self-image in the context of the international landscape of the political elite its world view. The prevailing world view often shapes the motivations of the decision-makers and consequently determines the sensed foreign policy objectives , as well as the very means to achieve these objectives. Misperception of the behaviour of other actors within the international context leads to erroneous foreign policy motivations on behalf of the decision-making elite, which in turn result in a foreign policy strategy that may be, at best(p) misguided, at spankcatastrophe. That has been the sad, costly lesson from the Cold wara global low-intensity conflict caused by a mutual misperception of threat with excessively high risk potential for escalating into a thermonuclear war. To downsize the potentiality of kindred perceptually-based geopolitical disasters, a clear understanding of the true motivations of the other actors on the international scene is vital. The true motivations can best be outlined done the inferential analysis of the foreign policy behaviour of the other actors.Peace, Prosperity and American Relative Power Capability essays papersPeace, Prosperity and American Relative Power Capability There appears to be in the world an era of unprecedented peace. Contrary to the predictions that the end of the Cold War will bring about the fragmentation of international order and the emergence of multipolar rivalry among atomistic national units, today the worlds major powers enjoy co-operative relations and worl d economy is progressively liberalising and integrating. The peace and prosperity of the current era, however are sustained by the constant operation of a single factor American relative power capability (Kupchan, 1998, p. 40). In this paper, a clear foreign policy strategy for the United States of America in Europe and Eurasia will be outlined. Such an outline should be necessarily made from the perspective of American national interests. America is a global power and it has vital global interests. The perception of the global interests of America is shaped by the desired future that the American political elite is envisioning. A viable foreign policy strategy then will be simply the roadmap for achieving, to the greatest extent possible, the objectives which are substantiated by that desired future starting from the present condition of the international landscape. The means to achieve these objectives are determined by the relative power capability that America has at pre sent, as well as the capability self-image in the context of the international landscape of the political elite its world view. The prevailing world view often shapes the motivations of the decision-makers and consequently determines the perceived foreign policy objectives , as well as the very means to achieve these objectives. Misperception of the behaviour of other actors within the international context leads to erroneous foreign policy motivations on behalf of the decision-making elite, which in turn result in a foreign policy strategy that may be, at best misguided, at worstcatastrophe. That has been the sad, costly lesson from the Cold Wara global low-intensity conflict caused by a mutual misperception of threat with excessively high risk potential for escalating into a thermonuclear war. To downsize the potentiality of similar perceptually-based geopolitical disasters, a clear understanding of the true motivations of the other actors on the international scene is vi tal. The true motivations can best be outlined through the inferential analysis of the foreign policy behaviour of the other actors.