Buddhism & History

Buddhism is a spiritual practice that leads to insight true nature of life It’s a practice of mind developing like the awareness ,kindness and wisdom. The history of transformation of Japanese marriage and kinship over the course of Hein (794-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1333). The role of Buddhist funerary and memorial rituals in creation. Graveyards have been deserted and lonely places were known as such, yet there is something inappropriate in this. In the beginning of the eleventh century we find no evidence of such resident grave tenders.In the later periods,  the development of more permanent stone markers for graves, the burial became a site of worship. It became the place to define a family group and strengthen the bond of kinship. The preservation of bones and the development of maintained, regularly visited grave are indicators of the signification of Japanese kinship practices that took place through the medium of Buddhist death ritual and memorial practice. The langu age of kinship and gender of the Chinese ritual has changed the Japanese family. The introduction of Chinese Buddhist ideas about the postmortem lives of families had ramifications for many generations of men and women to come.Women in Japan were not always temporary members of the families of their birth. The women kept their family names after marriage. A daughter would leave their family to become a wife and a mother with the family which she would come to be identified. At death she would join the family lineage as the consort of father-cum-ancestor and genetrix link of the present link of the patrilineal link. It was Buddhist rituals that shape family links. The burial of daughters with their father’s represents the continuing indispensability of women in the avuncular politics. They died as their father’s daughter’s and buried amongpartrilineal relatives, their bones revered ancestral relics by the children and grandchildren of their brother. In addition t o age restrictions, Japan also prohibits close relatives from getting married. This is a very common marriage rule that is held by many modern nations. Close relatives include blood relatives, step relatives and adoptive relatives. However, the period of most intense preoccupation with. Keeping daughter’s' bone’s â€Å"in the family† ironically marked the initial entrenchment of agnatic, or partrilineal, principles of descent in Japan. The posthumous divorce was common in mayareas in Japan. This was the custom was that the most women commit suicide or had failed to produced male children was sent back to her natal family. This act signifies severing of ties with the dead women and responsibilities for her funeral rite, burial and memorial services back onto her family that had raised her. The idea of married woman belongs to their husbands and sons comes as no surprises. The memorial practices gathered by the Japanese folklorist in the twentieth century reveal a great deal of regional variation. Japanese kinship system daughters leaves their families to live and die.The idea that a daughter should stay with her father came to apply to final place as it had to marriage residence. By the end of the Murumachi period, the women lived by their husband’s people. Ancestor consciousness in Japan is very weak. Only with the importation of the concept of lineage from the Korean Peninsula does the history of ancestor worship begun. Reference : â€Å" The Early Stages In The Development of Group Descent of Organization,† in Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China, ed. Patricia Ebrey and James Watson( Berkely University of California Press, 1986) 16-61

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminal law - Essay Example There can be two types of manslaughter, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter occurs when a person kills with a malice aforethought or intention (mens rea). Involuntary manslaughter occurs when death occurs because of negligence or because of another illegal, dangerous act. To clarify, Actus Reus is the criminal act. It often goes with mens rea. There are two types of involuntary manslaughter. These are Constructive Manslaughter and Gross Negligence Manslaughter. Constructive manslaughter or Unlawful Act Manslaughter usually occurs when death results from the defendant’s unlawful act. To understand the concept of involuntary manslaughter, we could put the situation of David and Nick for consideration. David and Nick could be charged with Constructive Manslaughter. The prosecution, if the duo should be charged with Constructive Manslaughter, needs to establish the legal elements in the case. The actus reus was homicide, specifically manslaughter. The death occured b ecause of David and Nick’s unlawful act of damaging the tyres of the car Gordon drove. The mens rea for this situation would be the mere idea that they should puncture the tyres of the politician because they are unhappy with the way the politician runs the government. The mere thought that they should inflict an illegal act upon someone’s belongings, whether the intention is to kill or not, is sufficient enough to charge someone of manslaughter, because they intended to inflict harm on someone. Because the death only resulted from an act they performed indirectly on the politician, it can’t be murder. Since the killing is the result of the David and Nick’s unlawful act of slashing the tires, and they were reasonable enough (not insane) to rationalize that they needed to slash Gordon’s tyres because on the grounds that the politician was causing their problems, the act is Constructive Manslaughter. The act cannot be considered murder as they slashe d the tyres without meaning to kill the person, even if it meant the death of the driver of the car. The mens rea is quite clear and they indeed meant harm to the politician, although not necessarily his death. The death happened because of the injuries sustained from the head injuries that were incurred during the accident, which is not a direct harm but merely a consequence caused by the defendants’ actions. This phenomenon is called the Natural Consequences of the Defendant’s Act, like the R v Pagett Case in 1983 where the defendant tried to use a little girl as human shield when he was being arrested by the police. The girl died because she took the bullet. This case is similar to David and Nick’s case because Gordon died because David and Nick put him in danger because of their behavior. David and Nick could also be charged with Gross Negligence Manslaughter. This happens when the death is because of negligence or omission on the part of the defendant. Acco rding to the judge in R v Bateman (1925) 19 Cr App R 8, the negligence of the accused showed disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime. To describe the grossness of the negligence in a case, the Adomako (from R v Adomako (1994) 3 All ER 79Â  )Â  test: a) the existence of a duty of care to the deceased; b) a breach of that duty of care which; c) causes (or significantly contributes) to the death of the victim; and d) the breach should be characterised as gross negligence, and therefore a crime. Since

Continuation of media influence on adolescents Dissertation

Continuation of media influence on adolescents - Dissertation Example Although, both men and women read, viewed and heard various media content, women are maximally influenced by the content both in the physical sense as well as in the mental sense. That is, while men are merely excited, women strive to be just as flawless and perfect as projected in mass media by following lifestyle practices, which sometimes could border on negativity. (Sengupta and Dahl 2008). When one looks historically, when other electronic forms had not yet made an appearance, print magazines was the major media influence occupying the mind space of both men and women. However, as mentioned above, although males read the magazines, they were not maximally influenced by them to incorporate as part of their lifestyle, this was not the case with the females. In those times, women are mainly viewed (and the adolescent girls were prepared) as housewives or homemakers, whose primary duty is to take care of their husbands, children and the household. (Sengupta and Dahl 2008).So, the me dia content in mid part of the 20th century featured information as well as tips mainly regarding this lifestyle of women. Although, some magazines also featured content and tips on other extra-curricular activities that can be carried out by the women, it was only in minority. The basic point is, all forms of media content mainly reflect or write or broadcast what is happening in the real society about real people or specifically about real women at that particular time. Thus, mass media now or earlier reflected or featured women centric issues that was/is prevalent. However, certain issues are not time-bound and are visible now also. Quite importantly, apart from reflecting what is in the society, this media content will also influence the society. That is, like a chain reaction, the media content gets created from the society, and when the society starts to continuously read a ‘specific’ type of content, they will or if correctly said, majority of them will get influ enced, thereby creating norms or stereotypes. This will change the lifestyle of many. As more adolescent boys and especially girls read, view or hear the media content, they will/have started viewing them as the eye-opener for many of their lifestyle choices as well as panacea for all their problems. When they do this, they will avoid or even ignore any tips from their parents For the past few decades, sexuality has been used in the mass media as the main form of gaining the attention of its viewers particularly the target segment of adolescents or youths, often showing models in a physical appearance, which negatively influences the adolescents. These contents in the mass media often use the subject of sexuality to promote the product or other features by correlating the two. Sizable content in the mass media show women as a symbol of beauty and sexuality, impacting men and women in different ways. (Sengupta and Dahl 2008). So, this literature review focusing on the trends and the influencing role of the mass media, will first discuss about the 1950s and 1960s mass media mediums particularly magazines and its impact or influence on the lives of the female, comparing it with the magazines of today. As part of the comparison, the review will also focus on how these mass media content took the ‘informational adviser’ tag, and gave a lot of tips to the adolescents, who sometimes preferred these media content over their parents. Media’

Christian Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicides Research Paper

Christian Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicides - Research Paper Example Since then, the ethics of the practice has evolved, and so have the reasons for proscription. Nowadays, the proscription is based more upon practical concerns then scriptural ones – concerns such as the introduction of a slippery slope; the possibility that the person might be cured and miss his or her chance for this cure; and the need to create a culture of life that values everybody in society, even the infirm and terminally ill. Still, the belief remains that God has sovereignty over life and death, and man cannot usurp this. St. Thomas Aquinas was one of the first religious figures to advocate this, and the traditional Christian proscription for the practice has been based upon this ever since. Although some individual Christians may take issue with the official church teachings on the subject, for a variety of reasons, in the end the practice should be banned because of the practical concerns listed above. Discussion According to Fontana (2002), there have been a variety of traditions throughout the ages concerning the ethics of euthanasia. For instance, in Ancient Greece, Hemlock, a common poison, was made available for individuals who desired a â€Å"good death,† after an appeal to a tribunal. In fact, ending one’s life was a festive occasion for the elderly and the infirm, as they drank ceremonial poison at a banquet that honored their lives. It was similar in ancient Rome (Fontana, 2002, p. 147). Of course, these practices were prior to Christianity, and the advent of Christianity caused these euthanasia practices to be outlawed (Fontana, 2002, p. 147). In particular, St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine declared such practice a great sin. However, an increase in secularism during the Renaissance period and Enlightenment in the 18th Century caused a resurgence of Greco-Roman beliefs regarding the practice, and this greater tolerance continued into the 19th Century when social philosophers advocated for the practice. However, even though there was great tolerance for the practice, it was not entirely accepted as it was in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, because the church still had some sway, and, as the church believed the practice to be sinful, this had some impact on society and the laws regarding euthanasia even during the Renaissance and Enlightenment (Fontana, 2002, p. 147). Euthanasia may be either involuntary or voluntary. Involuntary euthanasia occurs when there is brain death or the person is otherwise incapacitated. In that case, especially if there is some kind of directive from the person, in that he or she signed a living will or a â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate† order, then that person will be allowed to die. Voluntary euthanasia, however, is more active and involved, therefore more controversial. Voluntary euthanasia is when an individual who is of clear mind chooses to end his or her life with assistance (Nayernouri, 2011, p. 54). Nayernouri (2011) further delineates the practice of euthana sia from suicide. As she explains, suicide is an act that one takes by oneself, without assistance, and this is not as controversial as euthanasia as the act of suicide is presumably one’s right, although the world’s religions, including Christianity, Islam and Judaism view this act to be one of great sin (Nayernouri, 2011, p. 54). The secular rationale against euthanasia are that the patient may be treated therapeutically for depression or pain, which are the major reasons why individuals choose euthanasia. It is for this reason that the American Medical Association (AMA) has come out against the practice. The AMA’s stance on euthanasia is inconsistent with its other stances which conflict with the traditional pro-life views regarding abortion and

Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Othello - Essay Example Lago and Roderigo constantly use the words â€Å"him† or â€Å"he† throughout the first part of the play. When they finally start to specify whom they are referring to, they do so with nicknames that depict racism. Racial epithets used by the actors include â€Å"the thick lips† and the â€Å"Barbary horse.† Although the presence of Othello is there in the second scene of the play, he becomes vocal at the center of Act 1, scene III. Later, Othello is the last to arrive at Cyprus as depicted in Act II, scene I. He stands apart while Lago and Cassio engage in a discussion, in Act IV the first scene. He also assumes that Cassion has passed away when the Act V’s fight occurs. The status of Othello as an outsider may be why he appears to be an easy target for Lago. Although Othello stands as a racial and cultural outsider in Venice, his experience and skills as a leader and soldier are valuable to the state, and he serves as an important part of Venetian society. The senate and the duke demand Othello greatly, as evidenced by Cassio’s pronouncements that the senate â€Å"sent around three several quests† to search for him (I.ii.46). The Venetian government places sufficient trust in Othello to put him in complete political and martial command of Cyprus. Othello, during his dying moments, helps the people of Venetian to recall the â€Å"service† he gave to their state (V.ii.348). Those who regard Othello as their civic and social peer, such as Brabanzio and Desdemona, appear drawn to him because of his exotic characteristics. Othello admits and tells of his friendship with Brabanzio. He states, â€Å"Desdemona’s father loved me, oft invited me† (I.iii.127–129). The character manages to capture the attention of his peers using his speech. The Dukes respond to the speech he gives by describing how he captured the attention of Desdemona with the fables of

High Performance Computers (HPC) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

High Performance Computers (HPC) - Research Paper Example Power efficiency has not been a focus of most HPC systems till now. Power consumed during the operating of High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark is, contrary to the conventionally prevailing concept, near the power used by a subset of scientific workload that is typically computer intensive. This makes the HPL suitable for use in power measurement, though it is not recommendable for performance measurement in most cases (Kamil, Shalf, and Strohmaier, n.d.). The efficiency and performance of HPCs can be assessed from their composition, HPCs have all the essential elements found in the regular desktop computers including memory, operating system, disk, and processors, and more. HPCs can be understood as clusters of computers. Each computer in each cluster has anywhere from one to four processors, with each processor having between two and four cores. Individual computers forming part of a cluster are called as nodes. A small business may have a cluster of four or more nodes, with the number of cores being at least 16. Businesses commonly have cluster sizes ranging from 16 to 64 nodes and the number of cores ranges from 64 to 256 (inside HPC, 2014). HPCs show their efficiency with the mutual functioning of the individual nodes in the clusters. Such efficiency can easily solve problems of much complex nature than what can be solved by ordinary desktop computers. The nodes are able to work together meaningfully by interacting with each othe r. Computers talk over networks to each other and business clusters have a variety of options of computer network. In terms of software, two that are employed in most HPCs are Windows and Linux. Currently, HPCs installations are dominated by Linux which can partly be attributed to the legacy of HPC in large scale machines, Unix, and supercomputing. The kind of operating system suitable for use in HPC depends upon the kinds of applications run over them. HPCs in the future will be more efficient. Petaflop

Troy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Troy - Essay Example Similar to many early writers for whom history was more of the same kind to literature than science, Homer freely included the gods and their perceived assistances alongside real historical figures and actual events. From a certain point of view, it could be said he set an example, not just for future religions but for the movies. He took a true story and added fictional characters where needed. Troy depicts different areas that influenced people, then and now - power, beauty, riches, glory and wisdom. The lust and greed for power have polluted the minds of many "great" people especially those high ranking officials who call themselves servants of people but is not capable of serving them instead they turned to be crooked and corrupt. As the famous saying says, "Nature is enough for humans' need but not enough for humans' greed." Also the movie shows how the fornication committed by Paris to Helen destroys thousands and thousands of lives. The beauty that blinded the heart of the beholder moved him to do a little foolishness that is heavier than wisdom and than honor. An account from the Bible in I Corinthians 6:18 say -"Flee fornication. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits fornication sins against his own body." You only not sin to God but also to your own body.